This study examined the effects of misregistration on electrode position in deep brain stimulation (DBS) by using the AFIDs framework to measure registration accuracy in patient scans. AFID registration errors (AFREs) revealed spatial patterns of misregistration that accounted for 28% of the variance in electrode position, highlighting AFIDs as a valuable tool for assessing registration accuracy, quality control, and optimization in DBS research.

This study created normative brain growth charts for rhesus macaques using over 1,500 MRI scans, addressing a gap in nonhuman primate developmental models. It mapped lifespan trajectories of brain volume, cortical thickness, and surface area, identifying key developmental milestones and similarities to human brain maturation. The resulting open-access resource enables cross-species comparisons and supports translational neuroscience, particularly in studies with small NHP sample sizes.

This study investigated the genetic relationship between cannabis use and schizophrenia using data from the All of Us Research Program. Researchers found that genetic risk for both cannabis use disorder (CUD) and schizophrenia independently contributed to heavy cannabis use and schizophrenia, with evidence of pleiotropy even among individuals without documented cannabis use. These results highlight the importance of incorporating genetic risk for cannabis use in models of schizophrenia to better understand its underlying causes.

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) impairs statistical learning, a key process for language acquisition. EEG data show children with FXS have reduced word-level learning despite intact syllable processing, suggesting difficulty integrating syllables into words and highlighting statistical learning as a potential therapeutic target.

This study introduces a novel mathematical method for analyzing complex spike patterns from large-scale neural recordings. By decomposing spike data into simple, structured elements, the approach enables comparison across trials, sub-pattern detection, and links to behavior using a clear distance measure. Applied to macaque motor and prefrontal cortex recordings, the method uncovered previously hidden neural structures that predict memory-guided decisions and errors, offering a powerful new tool for interpreting large-scale neural activity.

Language development in toddlers depends on both brain maturation and environmental input, and excessive screen time may negatively affect this process. Our study shows that smaller pars triangularis volumes at age two predict poorer language outcomes and greater screen use at age three, highlighting how early vulnerabilities can amplify later reliance on screens and alter developmental trajectories.

Actions are fundamental to our visual world, yet the neural computations supporting their perception remain poorly understood. By combining EEG, fMRI, and representational similarity analysis, we show that action understanding unfolds along a posterior-to-anterior gradient, with rapid spatiotemporal dynamics and distinct conceptual representations—especially of action targets—encoded in LOTC and pSTS.

This systematic review and meta-analysis examined grammatical (syntactic) impairments in people with schizophrenia across 45 studies. Findings showed strong and consistent evidence that individuals with schizophrenia have significant difficulties in both understanding and producing syntactically complex language, with syntactic comprehension being the most affected. The study highlights the importance of addressing these language deficits through targeted cognitive and linguistic interventions, and it underscores the potential for personalized communication strategies in clinical care.

This study examined the topographic organization of the zona incerta (ZI) using in vivo diffusion MRI and data-driven connectivity. The findings revealed a rostral-caudal gradient, with the rostral ZI connecting to prefrontal regions and the caudal ZI connecting to sensorimotor cortices, as well as a central ZI region linked to the dorsal prefrontal cortex. These results, replicated across datasets and individuals, provide insights into the ZI’s role in motor, cognitive, and emotional control, with implications for refining neuromodulatory targets.

This study examined whether structural patterns in the early visual cortex are linked to PTSD symptoms. Using two large datasets, researchers found that reduced structural covariance in this brain region was specifically associated with PTSD symptoms, but not with depression or general stress. These findings suggest a potential neural signature of PTSD that may help improve diagnosis and understanding of the disorder.

Stress rapidly shifts CRH neuron activity, and we identify recurrent inhibition as the key circuit motif enabling these transitions. Combining imaging, modeling, and chemogenetics, we show PVN-projecting GABAergic neurons constrain CRH neurons at baseline and permit stress-induced activation, advancing understanding of neural state regulation.

This study disentangles the what and how components of sequence learning in one experimental paradigm. We confirm that when sequence items are unknown, most learning is learning what to do. However, when the sequence items are known from the beginning, practice still leads to improvements that are effector-specific and generalizable to other sequences.

This study examined brain network and autonomic mechanisms of emotional dysfunction in individuals with chronic severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Compared to healthy controls, participants with TBI showed reduced insula activation to emotional music, decreased connectivity across salience, limbic, and default mode networks, and blunted pupillary responses reflecting sympathetic dysfunction. These findings suggest that disrupted brain network activity and autonomic function may underlie emotional dysregulation after severe TBI.

Recent advances in artificial intelligence provide opportunities to automate the capture and representation of complex features of human language, potentially improving the efficiency of language assessment. This review presents computerized approaches for analyzing narrative language and identifying language disorders in children, highlighting key methods, challenges, and implications for clinical practice.

This study examined whether learning sign language influences visual perception by comparing bimodal bilinguals (hearing signers) and hearing non-signers on face matching and motion discrimination tasks. While no group differences were found, higher ASL proficiency predicted better motion perception, suggesting that linguistic experience may shape visual processing in specific ways.

The cerebellum develops rapidly in early life, paralleling cognitive and behavioral changes, yet its role in supporting cognition remains unclear. By mapping cerebellar growth from infancy to young adulthood, we show coordinated maturation with the cerebral cortex, steeper growth in posterior association areas, and links to socio-linguistic behaviors, establishing its contribution to emerging higher cognitive functions.

Mutations in the chromatin-remodelling factor ATRX underlie syndromic ID and ASD, but the role of microglial ATRX in early brain development remains unclear. Using a tamoxifen-inducible Cx3cr1-CreERT2 system to delete Atrx in microglia, we found that perinatal ATRX loss drives chronic microglial reactivity and turnover without affecting neurobehaviours, suggesting developmental resilience of neural circuits to transient microglial dysregulation.

Humans can rapidly and accurately adjust reaching movements when visual targets jump, a capacity previously thought to rely on a distinct “automatic pilot” engaged only during ongoing actions. Our findings instead show that both mid-flight corrections and reaches initiated from rest share a common nested control system, driven by an early subcortical reflex and later cortical recruitment whose influence can be strategically preset by task demands.

Sensory expectations influence movement preparation, as humans and monkeys probabilistically cued about a future mechanical perturbation adjust their preparatory activity and improve corrective responses. High-density neural recordings reveal that these expectations shape motor cortical dynamics, with neural population activity scaling with perturbation probability and driving rapid responses through learned sensory-feedback integration.

TREM2 is a microglial marker linked to Alzheimer’s disease, and circulating TMEM119+/TREM2+ extracellular vesicles (EVs) may serve as biomarkers. In APP/PS1 rats, these EVs increased with age and correlated with cognitive decline, while brain TREM2 expression varied by region and genotype. This study highlights TMEM119+/TREM2+ EVs as a potential indicator of microglial activity and cognition in AD.

Age-related cognitive decline is linked to changes in microglial morphology, but their relationship remains unclear. In rats aged 3–15 months, we found region-specific shifts in microglial morphotypes that correlated with impairments in memory and cognitive flexibility. These findings suggest that microglial morphological profiling captures heterogeneity relevant to cognitive aging.

This study conducted 13 independent replications of Nozaradan et al. (2011) to test whether neural activity at imagined beat frequencies reflects conscious beat perception. While small effects were observed, they were much weaker than in the original study and not influenced by music or dance training, suggesting that larger samples are needed to detect such effects reliably. Contrary to expectations, only neural activity at the stimulus frequency—not the imagery-related frequency—predicted task performance, raising questions about the reliability of frequency tagging for studying conscious beat perception.

This study examined brain-based subtypes across individuals with autism, ADHD, and typical development using MRI measures, focusing on cortical myelination (T1w/T2w-ratio). Although no significant differences in myelination were found between diagnostic groups, multimodal clustering (combining myelination, cortical thickness, and surface area) revealed three distinct subgroups that cut across diagnoses. These findings suggest that multimodal brain imaging may help identify biologically meaningful subtypes, potentially improving personalized approaches to neurodevelopmental conditions.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) carry molecular signatures of their parent cells and hold promise as biomarkers for neurological diseases, yet their lipid content remains understudied. In this study, we used LC-MS/MS to analyze lipidomic changes in BV-2 microglia and their EVs following pro-inflammatory stimulation with LPS, revealing distinct lipid profiles that reflect cellular activation states. These findings highlight the potential of EV lipidomics to infer cellular function and support further exploration of EV lipids as biomarkers in neurological disease.

Changes in the ATRX gene affect brain development and are linked to intellectual disability and autism, and our previous work showed that removing this gene early caused mice to display autism-like behaviors. In this study, brain scans revealed that male mice without ATRX had smaller brains and bodies, while both sexes showed structural differences in regions for memory, movement, thinking, and sensing, helping explain how early disruptions can lead to autism-related behaviors.

This study looked at the link between attention and divisive normalization in humans. They used frequency-tagged fMRI to isolate visual cortical populations that simultaneously encode multiple competing inputs. The results show that responses of these sites are suppressed during inattention and enhanced during attention - offering a noninvasive translational bridge to study fine-grained computations underlying attentional selection.

General anesthetics induce unconsciousness, but their impact on large-scale brain networks is less understood. Using fMRI in marmosets, we show that isoflurane weakens and fragments functional networks compared to wakefulness, supporting the view that consciousness emerges from dynamic network interactions that anesthetics disrupt by reducing synaptic efficacy

This study examined auditory brainstem development in Autistic children and adults using ABRs and ASRs to understand sensory processing differences. Autistic children showed reduced and delayed auditory responses, while Autistic adults exhibited heightened reactivity, suggesting a developmental shift from early hypo-responsivity to later hyper-reactivity. These findings highlight how early auditory disruptions may lead to long-term changes in sensory processing in Autism.

This study shows that targeted loss of the ATRX chromatin remodeler in microglia alters chromatin accessibility profiles, leading to the de-repression of endogenous retroelements, triggering viral mimicry. Functionally, we find that ATRX microglial deficiency alters the electrophysiological properties of hippocampal neurons and causes deficits in object recognition and spatial memory.

Representational similarity analysis (RSA) characterizes neural representations and evaluates computational models. Our new open-source Python toolbox, rsatoolbox, introduces advances in distance measures, model evaluation, and statistical inference, enabling neuroscientists to link theory and experiment in the era of big models and big data.

This study developed and tested AI models to predict successful psychotropic medication use in neurodivergent children, aiming to reduce trial-and-error prescribing. Using data from research cohorts and clinical electronic medical records, the models accurately predicted medication success across stimulants, antidepressants, and antipsychotics, with strong performance in both internal and external datasets. The findings support the feasibility of AI-based decision aids to improve personalized medication management and enhance care in community settings.

This study systematically evaluates AudioDome capabilities at the Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, assessing the strengths and limitations of its sound reproduction technologies for research applications. The findings presented in this manuscript offer critical insights into the methodological validity of the AudioDome, providing WIN researchers with a foundational framework for its effective use in experimentation.